Bid for London fighting to be the hosting city for EURO 2012

Introduction UEFA is a football association that was established on 15 June 1954 in Basle, Switzerland. The association is charged with the responsibility of promoting football sport in the entire continent of Europe. The association was established with the sole purpose of fostering solidarity and promoting peace, given that the continent had just emerged from one of the deadliest World Wars.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Bid for London fighting to be the hosting city for EURO 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the modern world, the association still has the same objective of fostering solidarity, even though other objectives have been incorporated into the association’s objectives, among them economic benefits. UEFA has been so crucial in stemming out discrimination based on race, ethnicity and class. In other words, each person feels safe and part of the game since the national anthem s of all participating states are played before the games (Coulter 2008, p. 17). In the global economic environment, sports happen to be another source of income for various states, organizations, companies and individuals. Some aspects are critical to the economic development of a state such as the time taken by the sport, the scale of the sport, the media aspects, tourism and the impacts of the sport to the host countries are important aspects to sport organizers. Such aspects are very important since they allow the organizers and participants to compute the profits and losses, as well as determine the effectiveness of the sport. As far as the UEFA games is concerned, urban facilities such as infrastructure would be put in place, including erection of landmark structures and renovation of urban facilities such as game parks and recreational facilities. Through the UEFA sport, the city of London would benefit in many ways since long-term goals regarding the development of the city would be put in place. Furthermore, the profile of the city would be boosted, as one of the successful cities to host important games. The most significant outcome is that the sport would boost the economic activities of the city since it would create job opportunities and would increase the number of those willing to invest. All these would uplift the living standards of British and other investors from abroad.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from boosting the general economy of the city, specific sectors such as the tourism sector would benefit largely. Since tourism is closely related to sports, the sector would reap maximally from the presence of fans across the world. Through the UEFA games, the city would achieve its long term, as well as short-term economic objectives (Campbell 2004, p. 14). Dedication and Roadmap Before the exact dates of the games, the government would ensure that competition sites and facilities would be ready. This would allow the organizing committee to experiment the pre-games programs. For those fans visiting to support their teams and fellow citizens, visas would be provided in time to avoid any further delay that would inconvenience travelers. The government of Britain would ensure that all programs are set in place to ensure that the sports are conducted in a peaceful manner (Fitzroy Hulbert 2005, p. 47). Executive Summary The government of Britain is suggesting to the UEFA management to host the 2012 UEFA games, which would last for appropriately one month. In case the proposal goes through, the government of Britain would have achieved some of its short-term objectives aimed at attaining the long-term goals of the city. On the other hand, the sports would boost the profile of London as a city known for its high quality hospitality services. Through the tournament, the government would augment its re lationship with other stakeholders in the hospitality and tourism industries. Even after the games, the city would follow up on some of the projects established prior to the event to fulfill its goals, both short and long term. Since London has hosted mega events before, it is believed that it has a capability to host the UEFA games successfully. Apart from its experience, London has a professional body of workforce in the tourism and hospitality sector, which would be needed most before, during and after the games. Regarding the political stability of the country, Britain is one of the established democracies in the world meaning that there is enough security and little threats from illegal groups such as Al-Qaeda.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Bid for London fighting to be the hosting city for EURO 2012 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, other factors such as stable economy of London, produ ctive cooperation among government agencies and availability of sponsorship would allow the city of London to host the UEFA games successfully. Sponsors would wish to continue supporting the city owing to previous events, which have always been successful. Therefore, with previous experience and achievements, each entity would be willing to play its role faithfully, including sponsors (Wheelen 2004, p. 31). Profile of London London is the biggest municipality in the entire Europe mainly because of its population size and the infrastructural development. Romanians founded the city and the name has been used since then. The city is governed by two bodies, one of them being the office of the mayor, which is charged with the responsibility of implementing policies and the London assembly, which is in charge of formulating policies in the city. London is an international city known for quality works of art, business, music, fashion, finance, press, specialized services and research and d evelopment. Apart from the above services, the city is also a global leader in terms of transport, tourism and education. The city can only be compared with New York economically meaning that it offers employment to a number of citizens. Some scholars view London as the center of cultural capital, owing to its diversity. In 2011, it is believed that it was the leading city in terms of tourism because many visitors were received, as compared to any other city in the world. One of the busiest airports in the world, the London Heart throw, is found in the city. London will be hosting Olympic Games in 2012, making it the only city to have hosted the tournament more than two times. This has an advantage to the people of Britain since they would benefit economically. As earlier stated, the administration of London is comprised of two tiers, including a citywide tier and local tier.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Greater London Authority (GLA) controls the citywide tier whereas the 33 minor authorities control the local tier. Additionally, the two authorities, including the mayor of London and the London assembly, further control the GLA. The GLA is managed at the city hall under the directorship of the mayor. London is known for its serene climate, characterized by temperate marine weather. This climate can be compared to that of southern Britain. Contrary to believe that London receives a lot of rain, the city receives little rain, as compared to other European cities such as Rome. During winter, the weather in the city is chilly, with frost that happens in the environs of the city from November to March. Snow is also reported to be taking place approximately four to five times a year, probably in December to February. The city has some of the largest parks in the continent located within the area of London. The most common parks include the royal park and the Hyde Park. Apart from par ks, there are also other recreational facilities such as the 320-hectare space located in North London. Some music concerts take place at the site, which has been categorized as a tourist attraction center. Going by the records at the Office for National Statistics, 67% of the citizens of London are white (59.5% British, 2.2% Irish and 8% other whites), 13.2% are South Asians, 6.2 Indians and 10.1 are blacks. Concerning religious affiliations, 58.2% are Christians, 15.8% pagans, 4.1% Hindu and 8.5% Islamic. Economically, London is relied upon by the UK since it generates approximately 20% of the GDP ($446 billion). London is one of the strategic places that global business takes place, rivaling New York. The city has a well-established tourist industry, with over 350,000 employees and an annual income of approximately $25 billion. In total, an approximated 14 million tourists visit London annually. Transport in the city is highly developed and is managed by the office of the city ma yor (Goldblatt 2002, p. 10) The city has a public transport network that is managed by the Transport for London agency. Achievements of London London has a good name as far as far sports and games are concerned. Generally, England is proud of its history concerning because it has one of the strongest leagues in the world that is, the Barclays Premier League, with strong teams such as Manchester United, Manchester City Arsenal and Chelsea. In fact, London itself boosts of some of the UEFA champions league giants such as Chelsea and Arsenal. Moreover, London has successfully hosted a number of internally recognized mega and hallmark events. Such events are known to generate income to the London authorities and can create awareness to the people of United Kingdom. It is factual that the city can host the 2012 UEFA games successfully. London is one of the safest cities in the world (Gimpel 2008, p. 47). The police force within this city is very responsive to any signal of distress. Its infrastructure is also well enhanced, as is discussed in the SWOT and PESTEL analysis below. SWOT Analysis of the City To give a clear analysis of this city as far as its suitability is concerned SWOT Analysis would be helpful. The strength of this city comes from various factors. As stated above, London has some of the infrastructure rated as the best in the world. The political environment of this country is strength of this city as a preferred city to host the event. Unlike other governments that have been hindrance to the development of sporting events in their countries, the country’s leadership has been supportive towards sports. It has ensured that the security needed for such an event is put in place. It has also given the moral support by encouraging the players to participate actively in various sports. It would be obvious therefore, that would support this tournament. The fact that football is the most attractive sporting event in this city, it would receive a mass ive support from the residents of this city and its environs (Grant 2002, p. 31). However, some weaknesses exist, which should be addressed by the officials of the city if it is to succeed in hosting this event. The first weakness is the expectation of the locals. Most of the citizens would expect to see their team win. As Bowdin (2006, p. 12) states, in some occasions, the supporters of England as a team would withdraw their support from the tournament should their team be defeated at earlier stages. Because they make the highest percentage of the target market for the sale of the tickets, their withdrawal from the tournament can lead to serious loss by the organizers of the event. The city has some opportunities that further put it into the best position of hosting this match. The closeness of this city to other cities like Manchester makes it easy for the football fields in these other cities available if there is need. The road network is also good and links this city to other c ities hence making it easy to share social amenities. Despite the above positivity, there are threats that this city has to overcome in order to manage the competition posed by other nations that are also strategizing to win this tournament. The first threat is the competition itself. There are various other European nations, which has put spirited fight in order to win the bid. Some of these countries are just as good as London itself in infrastructure or otherwise. Moreover, others have better bargaining power because they have never hosted this event, unlike London, and they are just as equal members of this tournament as London or any other European nation. A further analysis of this country, and specifically London’s suitability to host this event, can be done through PESTEL Analysis. PESTEL Analysis London can be given a detailed analysis through PESTEL analysis. This analysis would help give the attributes. These attributes would be very important in making the decisio n on which city would be most appropriate to host the tournament. The PESTEL analysis technique has been used in an effort to analyze some of these factors. The PESTEL model usually covers the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that are likely to influence the decision-making processes while planning for an event some of these factors might result in various changes being made in the planning process (Peteraf 1993, p. 179). Political Factors This country has the most stable governments in the world. The leadership of this country has encouraged development in various fronts, especially the infrastructure. The government has also been supportive towards sporting events in the entire country. The government has put much effort in making sure that the country and London city in particular wins the bid for the EURO 2012 Cup tournament. The treasury has for instance set aside around $11 billion to cater for the preparation and renovation cost. The justice minister had made it clear that the government is also willing to step up the security measures to ensure that the event is carried out in a safe and secure environment. More security personnel will be deployed to the host city and more security equipment are being acquired for the purpose of the event. The renovation activities within the stadiums in London have already started and they will to be ready by the time of the event. The government has also made it clear that it would pay for extra promotion and advertisement activities in the local media (Haberberg 2001, p. 11). Economic Factors The world economy has been witnessing instability in the recent past. The United Kingdom is one of the countries that were heavily affected by the recent world economic recession. This has put a lot of pressure on the country’s national budget, especially due to the subsequent inflation. The inflation rates have been constantly rising across many nations. This has posed a challe nge to the country in its quest to host the event. The quoted figure of $11 billion is likely to go up owing to such inflation. The construction material has become expensive and the workers are likely to demand for an increase in their pay. Even with such inflation, the country has been experiencing some small margin growth and it is bound to succeed in making the event a great success (Wiiliamson 2004, p. 67). Social Factors This society highly values entertainment is a form of leisure. Football is one of the most popular sports in this country. The popularity of football has been growing at a very high rate across the globe especially among the young and middle aged population. Given that the world has very many young and middle age people, the event is likely to become a great success, as more people would be willing to go and watch the game in person (Menon 2010, p. 47). The society is also appreciates the rights of individuals and this makes it one of the best place to host su ch a tournament due to the variability of cultures of the attendants. The city is very cosmopolitan and it would accommodate individuals of any cultural practices. Technological Factors The emerging technologies have redefined the way things are done in various facets. London as a city has generally embraced technological advancements in almost every sector. This has been advantageous, as technology has made it to be among the best hosts of such an event. In the hospitality industry for instance, hotel bookings have been made easier and less expensive as they can be done online. Most of them have ultra-modern facilities like touch screen tables for security, high-speed internet connections and satellite dishes (Shone 2004, p. 8). All these have made service delivery effective, convenient and even entertaining. The security department has also employed the use of current technology in beefing up security in the country for the event. CCTV cameras, weapon detectors and the Robocop sty le glasses would all be used to screen people during security check ups. It is quite clear a high-speed railway is to be constructed across London and this will make the movement of football fanatics from one point of the city to the other easier and faster (Johnson 2008, p. 67). Environmental Factors London is in the country that experience the four different seasons that is; spring, autumn, winter and summer. It is therefore upon the management to make sure that the event lies on a season that will not be difficult for the players and funs to cope with (Porter 1980, p. 43). It might for instance be unwise if the event shall be scheduled for winter when it is too cold and the snow is falling. This would inconvenience the fun and players and it might not witness a higher turn out as expected. The event would best be scheduled in summer. The city is very clean and with well-maintained street lighting system. It is therefore easy to host a huge population in this city without any dang er to the participants (Mintzberg 1998, p. 34). Legal Factors Law and order is one of the most important aspects on the social welfare of a given society. Allen (2005, p. 45) explains that the community that lacks clearly stated laws and regulations cannot make it through successfully. On the legal front, laws have been enacted to enhance environmental conservation and minimize pollution activities. Transport firms are for instance being encouraged to use electric vehicles and avoid vehicles that use fuel in an effort to conserve the environment and minimize global warming. This implies that more electric buses and cars have to be purchased for transporting people within and across the towns and cities of England during the event. (Yeoman 2003, p. 32). The law is also very tough on those who breach the right of others either socially, economically or in whichever front. There are laws governing the sports and sporting events. Business Plan The United Kingdom is one of the developed countries. Majority of its population are well above the poverty line. This tournament is expected to generate a lot of income through the ticketing program. The tickers would be categorized as the very important (v.i.p.) group, the middle class and the common group. This categorization is important because it allows all the individuals concerned able to participate in the tournament without the fear of being locked out. To the poor, this groping and different charging of the tickets makes it possible to be part of this tournament. To the rich, it would be easy to attend the tournament physically while still maintaining their high class (Wyludda 2009, p. 51). Operational Plan This city has made proper arrangement that would make it easier to host this program. All the visitors are expected organize the way they would spend during this tournament. The visitors would therefore need to make an early booking of the hotels. They would also ensure that the participants have access to bett er facilities at the hosting country. The city management would ensure that there is improved security to the visitors. There would be a deliberate attempt to ensure that environmental concerns of the city is maintained, irrespective the population that would be present for the tournament (Tarlow 2002, 87). Conclusion Sports are some of the main events that bring people together. Football is one of the most popular events in the world that attracts millions of fans across the globe. As seen from the above discussion, football has undergone a great transformation over time. Originally played without any clear structure and just meant to entertain, there has been a great change in the way football is generally conducted. Technological changes have infiltrated football in various fronts. However, due to technology, the world has been turned into a global village. This has made football be known world over. Technology has also enhanced the way football is played. Currently, every countr y has its own national football team and various football clubs. Europe is one of the leading nations that have well developed football clubs with well-structured calendar on where and when the games will be played. UEFA Championships is one of the main football events in Europe. Euro 2012 has been considered as one of the mega football events in the history of European football. To host this tournament, a country should not only have the proper infrastructure, but also many other requirements like proper security, a well advanced hospitality industry, goodwill from the government and the citizens of the country among others. There are many nations in Europe that would be said to pass the above requirements. However, there are considerations that would make one country better poised to host this tournament than others would and this is the basis upon which one country will be selected over others. London stands out as the best destination for this tournament. There are various reaso ns that qualify this city as the best destination for the Euro 2012. This tournament requires proper infrastructure in order to manage the expected number of people expected to attend the tournament. London has ultra-modern roads that have the capacity to manage a large number of vehicles with no traffic jams. The airports are well fed with roads leading to various places within the city. The city is also well served by electric train, which has further enhanced the means of transport. Besides transport, the city has well developed communication system. From strong and relatively cheap mobile phone networks, to landlines, which are very stable, communication is easily enhanced. Both the landline and mobile phones allows individuals to make emergency phone calls, either in case of need for medical assistance or police attention, at no cost at all. The city has some of the best hospitals in this region, with staffs, which are well trained, and working for twenty-four hours in a day. T he police patrol the city all day, despite the fact that the city is rated as one of the safest in the world. Most of the public facilities have gadgets that are able to detect such items as bombs or other illegal arms that can pose danger. There is also tight security check-up at the country’s main airports, further reducing chances of illegal arms finding their way into the country. London is well connected to other cities within this country via various means. With football pitches like Wembley Stadium, Old Trafford, Emirates Stadium, St James’ Park, Stadium of Light, and City of Manchester Stadium among other main football fields, London city stands the best place to be the host of this tournament. Despite the threats posed by the al-Qaida and other terrorist groupings around the world, this city has the best chance to host this tournament success List of References Allen, J 2005, Festival and Special Event Management, Brisbane, Wiley. Bowdin, G 2006, Events Manage ment, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Campbell, D 2004, Business strategy: An Introduction, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinmann. Coulter, M 2008, Strategic Management in action, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall. Fitzroy, P Hulbert, J 2005, Strategic Management, Creating Value in Turbulent Times, New York: Wiley. Gimpel, H 2008, Negotiation, auctions, and market engineering: international seminar, New York, Springer. Goldblatt, J 2002, Special Events – Global Event management in the 21st Century, New York, Wiley. Grant, R 2002, Contemporary Strategic Analysis, New York, Blackwell. Haberberg, A 2001, The Strategic Management of Organisations, Harlow, FTPrentice-Hall. Johnson, G 2008, Exploring Corporate Strategy, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Menon, B 2010, â€Å"FIFA World Cup Marine Sports†, Publishing Division 3, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp 34-45. Mintzberg, H 1998, The Strategy Process, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Peteraf, MA 1993, â€Å"The Cornerstone of Competitive Advantage: A Reso urce-Based View†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.14, no.1, pp 179-191. Porter, ME 1980, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, London. Shone, A 2004, Successful Event Management, London, Continuum. Tarlow, P 2002, Event Risk Management and Safety, New York, Wiley. Wheelen, T 2004, Strategic Management and Business Policy, Harvard, Addison-Wesley. Wiiliamson, D 2004, Strategic Management and Business Analysis, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Wyludda, A 2009, The Impact of a Mega Sports Event for a Nation, Berlin, GRIN Verlag. Yeoman, I 2003, Festival and Events Management: An international arts and culture perspective, Amsterdam, Elsevier. This critical writing on Bid for London fighting to be the hosting city for EURO 2012 was written and submitted by user Aria L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The negative effects that poli essays

The negative effects that poli essays The negative effects that political correctness has brought upon the equal rights movement. In this day and age it has become increasingly difficult to escape the clutch of political correctness. One can find this silent antagonist in the media, the classroom, and even our own backyards. People who at one point were in a position of power now find it quickly slipping away at the mercy of this double-edged sword. Take for example: the middle aged white male, who at one point viewed his age/sex/race as an asset, now finds himself getting attacked on account of these very aspects; or women who have successfully furthered equal rights, yet they still expect to be treated exceptionally. When do we draw the line, and stand up for ourselves even at the risk at stepping on someones toes? Eventually our society will loose all respect for anything less then a full time career, at the high price, and possible destruction of the family unit. The purpose of political correctness essentially helps diminish all types of discrimination and cuts down on the tensions that keep people divided; however, out of this forced tolerance has emerged a backlash. The media, business world, and society at large in its futile attempts to promote equality often fuels the battle between the sexes. Perhaps this occurs due more out of fear of offending someone then anything else. In some cases this may even turn into reverse discrimination; for example, take the bus advertisement that one can see displayed on many if not all Toronto transit vehicles. This safety notice outlines one of the TTCs programs where women, after 9:00 pm can request that the driver stop between bus stops so she can be let out. Now I am not disagreeing that this vital service helps increase the feeling of security for those women who are traveling late at night. However upon seeing this ad, am I supposed to understand that men, cannot be in danger; men never find ...

Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology - Essay Example The extensive shoreline in Greece, which comprises of gulfs such as the one of Corinth and Thessalonica, which extends towards the sea, provides a connection as a means of communication with the adjacent areas. This also has enabled the interior provinces of the Balkans to contribute to the cultural facilities in the Mediterranean (Smith & Anthon 990). The sea also posed as a source of concern on security matters. The seaborne right of entry from the north, west, and south through the Black sea instilled Greece, Peloponnese prone to attack, and disarticulation (Larned & Reilly 1010). The Greece position on the Mediterranean Sea played a momentous role in modifying the climatic conditions thus making its population practice terrace agriculture. The sea also provided a secure environment for trading, making it a rich hub for trading grapes and olives (Larned & Reilly 1010). The presence of the mountains played a significant role in Greek mythology. The myths in the ancient served to unveil how the world was formed and manipulated. The Greeks believed that the primary gods made of Twelve Gods, or dodekatheon resided in mount Olympus (Smith & Anthon 990). Smith, William & Anthon, Charles. .A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and geography: Partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. Chicago, CA: Chicago University Press, 1850, 976-1030.

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management Research Paper

Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management - Research Paper Example Students misbehave in the classroom for a variety of reasons. Some students may be suffering from lack of attention at home, divorce of parents, or a need for attention from their teacher. The students who misbehave in class need a structured classroom management plan to assist with their behavior and learning. Students are normally attentive when the classroom lesson is presented in stimulating and insightful ways. Group interaction is an excellent way to manage students who misbehave in the classroom. The classroom management plan should include solutions for resolving issues with students who misbehave; the lessons should be presented in ways that creates interactions between the students and the teacher. A classroom management plan is an organized plan that assists the teacher in managing his or her classroom. Classroom management plans are designed in various forms, such as computer-aided instruction, student groups, or student interaction with the teacher. When establishing a c lassroom management plan, the teacher must analyze the classroom lessons as well as the classroom environment. These are two important elements that guide the way the classroom learning is structured. The classroom management plan is designed in an effort to establish ways to structure the classroom lessons for an effective learning environment. Creating a classroom management plan gives the teacher an outline of how the lessons should be presented to the class. ... Along with the teacher, the students are affected by the use of a classroom management plan; it helps the students understand organization skills, management skills, and classroom structure. My Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management My personal philosophy of classroom management has ultimately been influenced or shaped from my home, social, and educational experiences. In my home environment, I was required to study as soon as I came home from school. I was not allowed to play until my studying and homework was completed. I understood this structure, and I followed this plan as soon as I came home. My social structure or environment shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. I was always told to study hard and follow a plan for managing my class assignments and homework. In school, I learned the proper ways to study. My educational experiences shaped my personal philosophy of classroom management. My classroom setup was a mixture of student teams, computer-aided inst ruction, and individual learning. The teacher allowed us to interact with the lesson by responding to questions and providing our explanations for the assignment. Theoretical Perspective for my personal theory of Classroom Management My theoretical perspective that best describes my personal theory of classroom management is B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory. According to B.F. Skinner, â€Å"learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to

Discussion Topic 2 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Topic 2 - Personal Statement Example He pays attention, listening with keenness and with increased interest in the topic. Looking straight into his face, he exhibits the characteristics of a good listener, as his face is always to his communicating partner. By giving a person the opportunity to speak, he ensures that they talk in turns, making the communication process successful. Moreover, while talking to the audience, he maintains a steady eye contact, ensuring that all the people are paying attention. More interesting about him is his use of body language while communicating. Every action that indicates any emotional feeling, the pastor shows it out effectively, making his mode of communication understandable. Having mastered his reactions and gestures, his message is more understandable when compared to other speakers, as Leonard (78) points out that body language is part of communication, with increased influence on the understanding of a speaker’s message. He is always audible when talking to a person or t he congregation, and avoids too much information that is likely to be a hindrance to the understanding of his message. If there is one thing that I would borrow from the pastor is his use of body language. The manner in which he uses body language is captivating. The timing of his gestures and application of body language fascinates to me more, as it complements his speech

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydropower

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydropower The use of hydropower can date back to 7th millennium BC, were ancient Egyptian communities used hydropower for irrigation. In the contemporary society, hydropower still remains influential in the operation of mechanical devices such as watermills as well as energy or specifically electricity production, but the use of hydropower had becoming highly controversial due to its impacts on several geographical aspects. In this essay, I will be using several case studies to demonstrate the socio-economic, environmental factors of which the use of hydropower will have an impact on, in order for me to discuss and evaluate the advantages and disadvantage of using hydropower. The use of hydropower could lead to various types of socio- economical impacts in a region. For example, unlike fossil fuels, hydropower is a renewable energy source as it is not likely to run out, whilst un- renewable resources such as oil are predicted to run out between 2025 and 2070 (Senior, 2012). Hydropower enables a reliable supply of energy as long as the water supply remains stable. This is very important to maintain socio- economical stability as countries such as China uses up to 4692.8 TWh in 2011 according to the National Energy Commission. Without the contribution of hydropower, it would be more challenging for the Chinese to meets it demands for electricity. Since 48.6% of Chinas GDP is made up by industrial sector (Censky, 2011), the shortages of electricity supply could bring negative economic impacts across the region, as industrial sectors often requires electricity to produce products. Without sufficient electricity, the production of various products will be boug ht to a halt, thus reducing its income from manufacturing and trading. This could also affect the social aspect of the society, as trading decreases due to insufficient electricity, this could lead to negative multiplier effect as wages are likely to be reduced for workers, thus affecting peoples quality of life as their income reduces. However, some would argue that the relative importance and the contribution of hydropower is low. This was supported by the fact that even when fully functional, the Three Gorges Dam can only support about 1.7% of electricity demand in China (Wikipedia, 2012). This shows that the infrastructure in placed were not capable to catching up the demand for electricity in China, as the dam was predicted to provide 10% of Chinas required electricity(Wikipedia, 2012). However, the demand for it has increased more rapidly than originally planned. This also help illustrates that political decisions and inaccurate prediction and planning also plays in part in af fecting the number of advantages and disadvantages in the use of hydropower, as in this case, these factors lead to the reduction of effectiveness of hydropower. Besides that, hydropower had also bought more social- economical benefits into China. Although the full cost of the dam was estimated to be US$22.5 billion, it is expected that after 10 years of full operation, the full cost of the dam could be recovered as the generation of electricity will be cheap after the dam has been constructed (I.W.P. D.C., 2007). Until July, 2008, the State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid paid 250 Yuen per MWH. After the construction of the damn, the cost of electricity for some province were reduced to 228.7 Yuen (China Three Gorges Coroperation, 2008). This is a benefit in terms of the social aspect as electricity became more affordable for people within some areas of China, thus this makes it an advantage which hydropower brings as people are likely to have to spent less income on electricity for appliances like heating, thus allowing them to have more disposable income for recreational activities, which potentially improve peoples quality of life. When looking further into social impacts, it is clear that some negative impacts and disadvantages were the results of using hydropower. For example, due to construction of the dam, official estimated that at least 1.2 million (Yardley, 2007) will be displaced and relocated (Yardley, 2007). More than 100 towns are submerged as a consequence, including Fuling and Wanxian (Gleick, 2008). Fourteen thousand hectares of agricultural land, along with 100 or more archaeological sites will be submerged (Gleick, 2008). These are the disadvantage of using hydropower by installing large scale energy generation units like the dam. These disadvantage include severe cultural, historical and social impacts. For example, towns like Fuling and other archaeological being submerged means that archaeological researches will not be able to carried out in the area in the future. Although reparations were given out when people are relocated, some would argue that the sentimental value and emotional attachm ent of these historical locations as well as their home time could never be replaced. Furthermore, the fact that people had to be relocated means that families and friends are likely to be separated during the relocation process due to the scale of the population. And again, although these social impacts are hard to measure to the full extent, but it is clear that these impacts will decrease the quality of life for the residents in those areas, and possibly leading to depression. However, it should be noted that this example may not apply to every case study related to hydropower. Small scale hydropower projects like watermills in rural areas will have less social impact on the local area, both negative and positive. For example, when building small scale watermills, the number of people displaced within a small area will be limited. Therefore, in this case, the disadvantages mentioned when looking at the Three Gorges Dam may not apply to small scale projects. Besides socio- economical impacts, the use of hydropower can also lead to environmental impacts. In comparison to burning fossil fuels, hydropower does not contribute directly to submission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide while generating electricity. For example, in 1999, hydropower contributed 2659 TWh in global energy generation and this is 17.5 percent of the worlds total electricity produced for 1999 (Koch 2002). That amount of electricity would normally require the burning of 1595 million tonnes of coal, in which about 2 631.75 tonnes of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere, thus contributing directly to global warming via the emission of greenhouse gas. Another example is the Three Gorges Dam in China. According to the National Development and Reform Commission of China, the Three Gorges Dam could reduce annual coal consumption by 31 million tonnes in energy production, which potentially reduced the emission of one million tonnes of sulphur dioxide. This is a major advantage as reduced of sulphur dioxide production could reduce acid rain on a national scale. This means that impacts of acid rain on the natural environment, such as the creation of acidic lakes and the disruption to soil chemistry would decrease and helps maintain biodiversity in natural environments. However, although various gas emissions has decreased potentially, the use of hydropower, particularly the use of dams and reservoirs can still create pollution and contribute to global warming. A study estimates that in 1990, the Curua-Una dam in Brazil generated more than three and a half times the amount of greenhouse gas by generating the same amount of electricity from oil (Fearnside, 2005). This was caused by the flooding of reservoirs, resulting in a build up of methane dissolved in water, as plant matters were left to rot and decay under water along with the sediments. Eventually, the methane would be released into the atmosphere when water passes through the dam after passing though the turbines. Since methane is a greenhouse gas which is also 21 times more heat trapping that carbon dioxide (Mark, 2012), the use of hydropower in terms of the use of dams and reservoir could be considered as a contributor to global warming and the generation of methane as a by-product of dams and reservoirs remains to be a disadvantage of using hydropower. Lastly, the construction of some infrastructure to utilise hydropower are known for causing negative impacts upon the environment as biodiversity is reduced as a result. For example, the percentage of forested area near the Three Gorges Dam decreased from twenty percent to less than ten percent between the years of 1950 and 2002 mainly due to deforestation when the dam was built (Chetham, 2004). Turbines used to generate electricity are also know for damaging fish and other freshwater animal species, further decreasing the biodiversity of the rivers (Xie, 2003). These impacts are strong evidence to demonstrate the disadvantage of using hydropower as a energy resource. In conclusion, using hydropower has its advantage to some extent. For example, it can be used to produce electricity as a more sustainable manner as hydroelectricity is a form of renewable energy. This means unlike fossil fuels and other un-renewable energy sources, electricity supply is not likely to run out, thus being able to provide continuous support to meet the demand of electricity required in socio-economical activities. However, the use of hydropower has also got its disadvantage, limitations and it could even overshadow its initial benefits. The limitation was demonstrated by the high initial set-up costs for more technological advanced, as well as efficient infrastructures and equipments to extract the power or potential energy from water, meaning that the use of hydropower will be limited in some regions, particularly in less economically developed regions like the Republic of Zimbabwe. Furthermore, disadvantages like the Curua-Una dam in Brazil generating large amount of greenhouse gases could mean that the use of hydropower, particularly in electricity generation could be questionable. Different factors and limitation, such as geographical location also plays a part in affecting the performance, as well as the efficiency of hydropower. The impacts also varies according to the scale, as well as the method and the infrastructure used to extract the energy. Therefore, it is over-simplistic to say that hydropower is completely advantages or disadvantageous based on the facts above, as the use of hydropower has both advantages and disadvantages.

Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the world people are always preconceived based on who they are or what they look like. Even though it isn’t as big of a problem in some areas as in others, we need to fight it. If we don’t then it will continue to get more serious and at times lead to death. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Alexandra tells her niece that she can’t play with a schoolmate simply because of his class. â€Å"‘You can scrub Walter Cunningham till he shines, you can put him in shoes and a new suit, but he’ll never be like Jem†¦Because—he—is—trash.’† (224). This prejudiced state of mind is the foundation for the plot events of the novel. By way of experiences, a young girl, Scout Finch, must learn about the part prejudice plays in the everyday life of Maycomb County. Through settlement patterns, justice, and social stratification Harper Lee reveals the ways of prejudice. The first instance of prejudice, settlement patterns, greatly affects how people of Maycomb are prejudged, not just where they lived, but also where they dwelled. The Ewells are considered the lowest class of Maycomb, aside from the blacks, which is shown by the fact that they live at the edge of the town, right next to the black people. â€Å"‘He would show me how where and how they lived. They were people, but they lived like animals’† (30). The author describes where people live as a sort of divider among them, the Ewells not only live near the blacks, but also right next to the garbage dump. Not only was the location of on...